Think it takes thousands or even millions of years for animals to
evolve significantly new traits? Think again. New research lends just a
touch of credibility to the idea behind the popular sci-fi TV series
Heroes, which portrays certain humans as having quickly evolved new
astounding traits in response to increasingly tumultuous environmental
pressures.
easingly tumultuous environmental pressures.
In 1971 biologists moved 5 adult pairs of Italian wall lizards from
their island home of Pod Kopiste, in the South Adriatic Sea, and
introduced them to the neighboring island of Pod Mrcaru. Now, an
international team of researchers has discovered that introducing these
small, green-backed lizards, Podarcis sicula, to a new environment
caused them to undergo shockingly fast and large-scale evolutionary
changes.
Researchers returned to the islands twice a year for three years, in
the spring and summer of 2004, 2005 and 2006. Captured lizards were
transported to a field laboratory and measured for snout-vent length,
head dimensions and body mass. Tail clips taken for DNA analysis
confirmed that the Pod Mrcaru lizards were genetically identical to the
source population on Pod Kopiste. In other words, there is no doubt
that these lizards are the offspring of the 1971 transplant. The
results of the study were recently published in Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences.
The lizards evolved entirely new digestive system features to cope with
dietary changes, evolved bigger heads and also ceased to defend
territories—an instinct once very integral to the species behavior back
on their original home territory.
“Striking differences in head size and shape, increased bite strength
and the development of new structures in the lizard’s digestive tracts
were noted after only 36 years, which is an extremely short time
scale,” remarks Duncan Irschick, a professor of biology at the
University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Observed changes in head morphology were caused by adaptation to a
different food source explains Irschick. The lizards on the barren
island of Pod Kopiste were well-suited to catching mobile prey,
feasting mainly on insects. Life on Pod Mrcaru, where they had never
lived before, offered them an abundant supply of plant foods, including
the leaves and stems from native shrubs. Analysis of the stomach
contents of lizards on Pod Mrcaru showed that their diet included up to
two-thirds plants, depending on the season, a large increase over the
population of Pod Kopiste.
“As a result, individuals on Pod Mrcaru have heads that are longer,
wider and taller than those on Pod Kopiste, which translates into a big
increase in bite force,” says Irschick. “Because plants are tough and
fibrous, high bite forces allow the lizards to crop smaller pieces from
plants, which can help them break down the indigestible cell walls.”
Examination of the lizard’s digestive tracts revealed something even
more surprising. Eating more plants caused the development of new
structures called cecal valves, designed to slow the passage of food by
creating fermentation chambers in the gut, where microbes can break
down the difficult to digest portion of plants. Cecal valves, which
were found in hatchlings, juveniles and adults on Pod Mrcaru, have
never been reported for this species, including the source population
on Pod Kopiste.
“These structures actually occur in less than 1 percent of all known
species of scaled reptiles,” says Irschick. “Our data shows that
evolution of novel structures can occur on extremely short time scales.
Cecal valve evolution probably went hand-in-hand with a novel
association between the lizards on Pod Mrcaru and microorganisms called
nematodes that break down cellulose, which were found in their
hindguts.”
Change in diet also affected the population density and social
structure of the Pod Mrcaru population. Because plants provide a larger
and more predictable food supply, there were more lizards in a given
area on Pod Mrcaru. Food was obtained through browsing rather than the
active pursuit of prey, and the lizards had given up defending
territories.
“What is unique about this finding is that rapid evolution can affect
not only the structure and function of a species, but also influence
behavioral ecology and natural history,” says Irschick.
So next time you see Hayden Panettiere on TV running around in her
cheer skirt regenerating her limbs, just think how the premise may be
just slightly less crazy that you previously suspected.
Posted by Rebecca Sato.
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Study Source: University of Massachusetts Amherst